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Contents.Etymology According to, 'Jawi' (جاوي) is a term synonymous to '. The term has been used interchangeably with 'Malay' in other terms including Bahasa Jawi or Bahasa Yawi (, a used in ), Masuk Jawi (literally 'to become Malay', referring to the practice of to symbolise the ), and Jawi pekan or (literally 'Malay of the town' or 'Malay born of', referring to the Malay-speaking Muslims of mixed Malay and Indian ancestry). With verb-building men.-kan, menjawikan (literally 'to make something Malay'), also refers to the act of translating a foreign text into Malay language. The word Tulisan Jawi that means 'Jawi script' is another derivative that carries the meaning 'Malay script'. Early history Prior to the onset of, when Hindu-Buddhist influences were still firmly established in the region, the was primarily used in writing the Malay language.

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This is evidenced from the discovery of several stone inscriptions in, notably the. The and the subsequent introduction of Arabic writing system began with the arrival of Muslim merchants in the region since the seventh century.

Among the oldest archaeological artefacts inscribed with Arabic script are; a tombstone of Syeikh Rukunuddin dated 48 (668/669 CE) in Barus,; a tombstone dated 290 AH (910 CE) on the mausoleum of Syeikh Abdul Qadir Ibn Husin Syah Alam located in,; a tombstone found in, dated 419 AH (1026 CE); a tombstone discovered in, dated 431 AH (1039 CE); a tombstone dated 440 AH (1048 CE) found in,; and a tombstone of Fatimah Binti Maimun Bin Hibat Allah found in, dated 475 AH (1082 CE). Islam was spread from the coasts to the interior of the island and generally in a top-down process in which rulers were converted and then introduced more or less orthodox versions of Islam to their peoples.

The conversion of King of in 1136 and King of in 1267 were among the earliest examples.At the early stage of Islamisation, the Arabic script was taught to the people who had newly embraced Islam in the form of religious practices, such as the recitation of as well as. It is not too far-fetched to say that the Arabic script was accepted by the Malay community together with their acceptance of Islam and they didn't take long to modify the script and adapt it to suit the spoken – it is written from right to left and has 6 sounds not found in Arabic: ca pa ga nga va and nya. Many Arabic characters are never used as they are not pronounced in, and some letters are never joined and some joined obligatorily so. This was the same for the acceptance of Arabic writing in, and which had taken place earlier and thus, the Jawi script was then deemed as the writing of the Muslims.The oldest remains of Malay using the Jawi script have been found on the, dated 702 (1303 CE), nearly 600 years after the date of the first recorded existence of Arabic script in the region. The inscription on the stone contains a proclamation issued by the 'Sri Paduka Tuan' of Terengganu, urging his subjects to 'extend and uphold' and providing 10 basic laws for their guidance.

This has attested the strong observance of the Muslim faith in the early 14th century Terengganu specifically and the as a whole.The development of Jawi script was different from that of Pallava writing which was exclusively restricted to the nobility and monks in monasteries. The Jawi script was embraced by the entire Muslim community regardless of class.

With the increased intensity in the appreciation of Islam, scriptures originally written in Arabic were translated in Malay and written in the Jawi script. Additionally local religious scholars later began to elucidate the Islamic teachings in the forms of original writings. Moreover, there were also individuals of the community who used Jawi for the writing of literature which previously existed and spread orally. With this inclusion of written literature, took on a more sophisticated form.

This was believed to have taken place from the 15th century and lasted right up to the 19th century.Other forms of Arabic-based scripts existed in the region, notably the of in and the of in. Both writing systems applied extensively the and added several letters other than Jawi letters to suit the languages. Due to their fairly limited usage, the spelling system of both scripts did not undergo similar advance developments and modifications as experienced by Jawi script.

The spread and extent of Jawi script. When spelling vowels, there are many exceptions to the conventions stated above and below. Common exceptions include ada 'اد', di 'د', dia 'دي' dan 'دان', ia 'اي', jika 'جک', juga 'جوݢ', lima 'ليم', ke 'ک', kita 'کيت', mereka 'مريک', ini 'اين', itu 'ايت', pada 'ڤد', suka 'سوک' and tiga 'تيݢ'. Some words spelled distinctly in Rumi may be in Jawi, e.g. Sembilan and sambilan are both 'سمبيلن', markah and merekah are both 'مرکه', sesi and sisi are both 'سيسي', biro and biru are both 'بيرو', borong and burung are both 'بوروڠ', golong and gulung are both 'ݢولوڠ'.

Using or omitting alif 'ا' when representing /a/ in closed syllables and in the last letter of a root morpheme:When representing /a/, alif 'ا' is mostly omitted in -syllables. However, it is usually not omitted in monosyllabic words that start with wau 'و', e.g. Wau 'واو', wap 'واڤ', wang 'واڠ'. It is also usually not omitted in root morphemes which first syllable is open and contains /e/ and which second syllable is closed and begins with /wa/, e.g. Words with a /​e.wa/ structure like lewah 'ليواه', mewah 'ميواه', dewan 'ديوان', tewas ' تيواس', rewang ' ريواڠ', gewang 'ݢواڠ', sewat 'سيوات', kelewang 'کليواڠ', kedewas 'کديواس', dewangga 'ديواڠݢ'.

Final alif 'ا' is generally kept to represent /a/ ə at the end of a word. However, in native Malay disyllabic root morphemes with the form /Ca.C.a/ Ca.C.ə, where /C./ is any of the following 12 consonants ba 'ب', ta 'ت', pa 'ڤ', sin 'س', ga 'ݢ', nun 'ن', nya 'ڽ', ca 'چ', kaf 'ک', jim 'ج', mim 'م' (: betapa segannya cik jam 'بتاڤ سݢنڽ چيق جم'), final alif 'ا' is not written, e.g. Raba 'راب', mata 'مات', sapa 'ساڤ', rasa 'راس', raga 'راݢ', mana 'مان', hanya 'هاڽ', baca 'باچ', raya 'راي', baka 'باک', raja 'راج', nama 'نام', sama 'سام'.

Some native Malay trisyllabic root morphemes ending with /a/ ə, with three open syllables and which include the abovementioned 12 consonants, may also omit the final alif 'ا'. As the final letter of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by ye 'ى' in Jawi. In the middle of a word, root morpheme-final /ə/ that is spelled with e in Rumi may be represented by alif 'ا' in Jawi instead, e.g. Fatwa 'فتوى' → memfatwakan 'ممفتواکن', memetabolismekan 'ممتابوليسماکن'.

The hamzah (sources differ as to whether and when it should be on the line 'ء', or placed above the previous mater lectionis, such as in alif with hamzah above 'أ', or even if it should be used at all in some words) may be used to spell some diphthongs at the start of words.Furthermore, it may be used to represent a, or a glottal stop ʔ, especially when (but not limited to) separating vowels at the boundary of a root morpheme and an affix, e.g. Dato'​ 'داتوء', baik 'با ءيق', mulai 'مولا ءي', bau 'با ءو', daun 'دا ءون', laut 'لاءوت', peperiksaan 'ڤڤريقسا ءن', kemerdekaan 'کمرديکا ءن', diambil 'دأمبيل', dielakkan 'دأيلقکن', diertikan 'دأرتيکن', diikuti 'دأيکوتي', diolah 'دأوله', diutamakan 'دأوتاماکن', keadaan 'کأدا ءن', keempat 'کأمڤت', keindahan 'کأيندهن', keupayaan 'کأوڤايا ءن', seakan-akan 'سأکن-اکن', seekor 'سأيکور', seorang 'سأورڠ'. The letter fa ف was historically used to represent /p/ (Jawi: pa ڤ) and such usage may still be found in archaic Jawi spellings. This is because /f/ is a non-native consonant in Malay found only in loanwords and in the past was often approximated as a /p/., or may be used to number items in a list.

Both Arabic numerals and Eastern Arabic numerals can be used in conjunction with written Jawi.Arabic numeralsEastern Arabic numeralsThe symbols '٫', '٬', '٪', '؉' and '؊' may be used as the, sign and respectively when writing with Eastern Arabic numerals, e.g. 3.8 '٣٫٨', 1,000,000,000 '١٬٠٠٠٬٠٠٠٬٠٠٠', 100% '٪١٠٠'. Of base word is represented with the numeral '٢', e.g. Anak-anak / anak2 'انق٢', berhati-hati / berhati2 'برهاتي٢' / 'برهاتي-هاتي'. Arabic marks are used in written Jawi.Punctuation markMalay nameRumiJawiRumiJawiCommaTanda komaتندا کوما,،SemicolonTanda koma bertitikتندا کوما برتيتيق;؛Question markTanda soalتندا سوٴال?؟Examples Akin to the Arabic script, Jawi is constructed from.

Below is an exemplification of the Jawi script extracted from the first and second verse of the notable untuk Rabiah;غزال اونتوق ربيعة (: A Ghazal for Rabiah). Andrew Alexander Simpson (2007). Language and National Identity in Asia. Pp. 356–60. ^.

Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 3 March 2019. Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 3 March 2019. Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu. Retrieved 3 March 2019.

^ Shahrizal bin Mahpol (2002). Digital Repository,. Retrieved 8 July 2012. Abdul Rashid Melebek; Amat Juhari Moain (2006). Sejarah Bahasa Melayu (History of Bahasa Melayu). Utusan Publications. P. 52.

John U. Wolff, Indonesian Readings Edition: 3, SEAP Publications: 1988:. 480 pages. Robert Leon Cooper Language spread: studies in diffusion and social change, Center for Applied Linguistics, Indiana University Press,: 1982 p. 40. ^ Siti Hawa Haji Salleh (2010).

Malay Literature of the 19th Century. Institut Terjemahan Negara Malaysia Berhad. P. 8.

Matlob (2007). Cerdik Publications. Pp. 237–238., p. 81., p. 94. ^. Brunei Times. 16 July 2007. Archived from on 24 May 2013.

^ The Legacy of the Malay Letter, Annabel Teh Gallop, The British Library and Arkib Negara Malaysia,. ^ (in Indonesian). Bagian Kesenian Bara Ai Kesusasteraan Indonesia Catatan-Catatan Tentang Amir Hamza:Bagian Kesenian Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Yogyakarta: 1955. Daftar Kata Bahasa Melayu Rumi-Sebutan-Jawi, Dewan Bahasa Pustaka,5th printing, 2006.

Che Wan Shamsul Bahri bin Che Wan Ahmad, Khairuddin bin Omar, Mohammad Faidzul bin Nasrudin, Mohd Zamri bin Murah, Khirulnizam Abd Rahman. Retrieved 17 January 2016. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list. such as.

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Nota Klinik Jawi Peringkat Lanjutan 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

Archived from on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016. Archived from Check url= value on 9 June 2016.

Retrieved 16 January 2016.Further reading. Hudson, Herbert Henry (1892) Singapore, Kelly & Walsh. H.S. Paterson (& C.O.

Blagden), 'An early Malay Inscription from 14th-century Terengganu', Journ. Br.R.A.S., II, 1924, pp. 258–263. R.O. Winstedt, A History of Malaya, revised ed. 1962, p. 40. J.G.

De Casparis, Indonesian Paleography, 1975, p. 70-71.External links.

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